The concept of obesity as excessive weight due to increased fat deposition is simplistic. Therefore, the sugar and lipid content of foods and drinks are always taken into account when referring to weight gain and obesity. In fact, many obesity models in experimental animals rely on feeding mice and rats a high-fat or a high-fat, high-sugar diet. Special attention has been drawn to the often consumed highly processed and energy-dense foods.
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In that sense, it is reasonable to think of obesity as a result of positive energy balance, that is, increased calorie intake (especially in the form of dense calorie processed food) and decreased calorie expenditure (sedentary lifestyle).īased on the positive energy balance view, excessive calorie intake and sedentary habits are considered the main modifiable factors contributing to the obesity epidemic. Based on this definition, obesity can be considered a disorder of disproportionate mass of an individual. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines obesity as a body mass index (BMI, weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters) greater or equal to 30 kg/m 2 ( 3). The factors that contribute to obesity are many ( 2), but it is generally accepted that obesity results from an association of genetic predisposition (which is currently unmodifiable) with a dysregulated energy balance. Therefore, understanding the causes of obesity and designing preventive strategies are fundamental demands. Altogether, obesity and its comorbidities impose high social and economic costs to individuals and society alike. are chronic disease states of which many have associations with obesity ( 1– 3). In fact, 7 out of 10 leading causes of death in the U.S. This is accompanied by an increased prevalence of comorbidities, such as type II diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and other chronic diseases. Obesity has reached worldwide epidemic proportions in the last decades.
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Introduction Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome Considering their potential to predispose individuals to develop obesity and metabolic syndrome, their use should be taken with caution or maybe revisited. Herein, we review pieces of evidence from the literature showing that food additives have relevant effects on cells of the immune system that could contribute to immune-mediated metabolic dysregulation. Although much attention has been drawn in the past decades to obesity and metabolic syndrome as a result of ingesting highly processed food containing large amounts of fat and simple sugars, mounting evidence suggest that food additives may also be important contributors to metabolic derangement. Cells of the immune system contribute to both the maintenance of “lean homeostasis” and the metabolic dysregulation observed in obese individuals. Obesity and metabolic syndrome are currently recognized as worldwide epidemics that pose a profound socioeconomic impact and represent a concern to public health. Obese individuals present a state of chronic low-grade inflammation that contributes to the establishment of insulin resistance and other metabolic abnormalities known as the metabolic syndrome. This is of relevance given that metabolic dysregulation and obesity have a strong immune-mediated component. Much less attention is paid to the effects of these compounds on cells of the immune system. Despite a significant effort to assure safety of use, toxicological analysis of these substances, generally, rely on their direct toxicity to target organs (liver and kidney) or their genotoxic effects. 3Laboratório de Oncobiologia Molecular, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazilįood additives are compounds used in order to improve food palatability, texture, and shelf life.2Laboratório de Enzimologia e Controle do Metabolismo, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.1Laboratório de Alvos Moleculares, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.